Herniated Disc
The spine is made up of 33 small interconnected bones called vertebrae. Each vertebra is separated by a shock-absorbing cushion called an intervertebral disc. Intervertebral discs are designed to absorb shocks and pressure, and to keep the spine flexible. They are composed of two parts: an outer fibrous ring and a jelly-like centre. Occasionally, an intervertebral disc weakens, the outer fibrous ring ruptures, and the centre, which is softer, bulges out from its normal position. That is known as a herniated disc.
Top view of the vertebral column
Causes and triggers
People between 30 and 50 years old are more at risk of developing a herniated disc. In fact, with age, the intervertebral discs become less flexible. Excessive pressure or poor posture can therefore damage them (e.g., overweight, poor posture during exercise or on a daily basis).
Symptoms
The herniation itself does not necessarily cause symptoms. However, part of the disc can compress nerves, causing pain, muscle weakness, tingling and stiffness along the entire length of the nerve. Herniations most often occur in the lumbar or lower back area and can cause pain to radiate into the legs. Depending on where the herniation is located, pain can radiate throughout the legs or buttocks. In rare cases, herniations can develop in the neck area. In such cases, pain can spread through the shoulders to the chest and arms.
Treatment
To allow the herniated disc to heal, temporary rest is the first thing to do, and painful movements should be avoided. It is preferable, though, to gradually resume activities to prevent weakening the back muscles and to speed up the recovery. Strengthening and targeted stretching exercises may be recommended by your health care professional.
Applying cold first to reduce inflammation, then heat for pain, can help. Certain medications may also be recommended if needed. In rare cases, surgery may be needed.
Here are a few measures that could help prevent a herniated disc:
- Maintain good posture
- Maintain a healthy weight
- Stay physically active
- Avoid smoking (can accelerate disc degeneration)
- Lift objects while holding them close to your body, keep your back straight and do not twist, use your legs to do the work
When should I see a health care professional?
Consult your health care provider if you have back pain and in the following cases:
- You feel numbness, tingling or weakness in your arms or legs that worsens to the point of interfering with your daily activities
- You lose control of your bladder or bowel movements
- You have loss of sensation or numbness in your buttocks or between your legs
- You have trouble walking or standing