Human papillomavirus (HPV) A common virus… but often misunderstood
The human papillomavirus, more commonly known as HPV, is one of the most common sexually transmitted infections (STIs). Yet many people still know very little about it.
It is estimated that about three out of four sexually active people will be infected with at least one type of HPV in their lifetime. The good news? In most cases, the infection causes no symptoms and resolves on its own.
However, some types of HPV can cause genital warts or be linked to certain cancers. That is why it is important to better understand this virus and how to protect yourself.
What is HPV?
HPV is a large family of viruses, with more than 100 known types. Some cause harmless skin infections, while others affect the genital mucous membranes and may be linked to certain health conditions.
Over a lifetime, it is possible to be infected with more than one type of HPV, sometimes even at the same time. Fortunately, in most cases, the immune system can clear the virus naturally within a few months to a few years.
However, in some people, the infection can persist and lead to complications. Certain types of HPV can cause genital warts, while others are linked to several cancers, including:
- Cervical cancer
- Various anal cancers
- Certain throat cancers, also known as oropharyngeal cancers
- More rarely, cancers of the penis or vulva
It is also important to know that HPV can affect anyone. Women and men can both be infected and transmit the virus, regardless of sexual orientation.
How is HPV transmitted?
HPV is mainly transmitted during sexual contact involving skin-to-skin contact.
Transmission can occur during vaginal, anal or oral sex. Unlike some other infections, penetration is not required. Intimate contact between genital areas can be enough for the virus to spread.
Another important point: many people who have HPV do not have any symptoms. This means they can transmit the virus without knowing they are carrying it.
That is also why it is possible to get HPV even in a stable or monogamous relationship. An infection may have been acquired years earlier without ever being detected.
In rare cases, an infected mother can also transmit the virus to her baby during childbirth.
How can you reduce the risk of HPV infection?
Because HPV is so common, it is not always possible to avoid infection completely. However, certain habits can help reduce the risk of transmission.
Use a condom or a dental dam
Using a condom or dental dam correctly during sexual activity can help lower the risk of transmission.
However, because the virus spreads through skin-to-skin contact, these methods do not provide complete protection against HPV.
Practice safer sex
Limiting the number of sexual partners and having open conversations about sexual health with your partner or partners can help reduce the risk of sexually transmitted infections.
Avoid smoking
Smoking can weaken the immune system and reduce the body’s ability to clear certain viral infections. It is also associated with a higher risk of certain HPV-related cancers.
Take part in screening programs
Cervical cancer screening helps detect certain abnormalities early, including those that may be caused by HPV.
Following the screening recommendations of your health care professional remains an important preventive measure.
Effective protection: HPV vaccination
Vaccination is one of the most effective ways to prevent infections caused by certain types of HPV.
The vaccines currently available protect against several types of HPV associated with genital warts and certain cancers. They are considered safe and effective.
In Quebec, HPV vaccination is part of the school-based vaccination program. It is generally offered before the start of sexual activity to help provide protection before any exposure to the virus.
That said, vaccination may also be beneficial for some older individuals. In certain cases, it may be recommended even if a person is already sexually active.
A health care professional can assess your situation and determine whether this vaccine is recommended for you.
Conclusion
Human papillomavirus is very common, and most sexually active people will be exposed to it at some point in their lives.
Although many infections go away on their own, some types of HPV can cause genital warts or be associated with different cancers.
Fortunately, several measures can help reduce the risks, including safer sex practices, participation in screening programs and vaccination.
Do you have questions about HPV or vaccination? Feel free to speak with your pharmacist or another health care professional. They can provide information and support to help you prevent this infection.