Developing critical thinking in preteens

Preteen years, generally between ages 9 and 12, mark a defining stage in a child’s transition from childhood to adolescence. During this period, children grow by developing independence and learning to think critically. Supporting them through this phase helps them make thoughtful and balanced choices, even as they navigate multiple outside influences.

The changes that happen in preadolescence

Several social and psychological transformations take place during the preteen years. Here are some of the most common ones.

A search for identity

Preteens begin asking countless questions and exploring their likes, beliefs, and values to understand who they are and who they want to become. This is a period of necessary experimentation that plays a key role in shaping their identity and their sense of self.

A need for belonging

At this age, acceptance, recognition, and inclusion become essential. School, friends, sports, and extracurricular activities occupy an increasingly important space in a preteen’s life. However, some relationships may challenge family values, which makes open and ongoing parent-child communication all the more important.

Questioning parental authority

The child who once followed instructions without hesitation begins to ask questions, discuss, and debate. Preteens test boundaries and want to express their own opinions. This behaviour is not necessarily defiance toward parents but rather a natural step toward independence and critical reflection.

Critical thinking develops gradually, influenced by both family and social environments. It is also a delicate period, as preteens become especially sensitive to peer and media influence.

How critical thinking develops

During preadolescence, the brain continues to mature, especially the prefrontal cortex, which governs decision-making and behaviour. This is when preteens learn to anticipate consequences by testing limits and observing how adults react to their choices.

Through these experiences, they begin to build their own reasoning skills and a personal set of values that guide how they interpret the world around them.

Outside influences

Outside influences can create pressure on preteens, but they also play a significant role in shaping their thinking.

Friends

Within their group, preteens share concerns, ideas, and experiences. Comparisons and comments are common, which can influence how they perceive themselves and others.

The media

All types of media—television, magazines, video games, and especially social networks—can significantly impact how preteens perceive reality. Online content often distorts the truth and encourages comparisons that can undermine self-confidence.

Adults

Remarks from parents, teachers, or coaches can also affect self-esteem and influence how preteens view themselves. It can also exacerbate performance anxiety in children.

That said, external influences are not always negative. They can encourage curiosity, creativity, and openness, which all contribute to stronger critical thinking.

The parents’ role in developing critical thinking

Parents play an essential role in helping their children think more independently and critically. Here are some useful strategies:

• Encourage dialogue by asking open-ended questions, listening carefully, and avoiding quick judgment.
• Foster critical thinking by teaching your child to question information, compare sources, and consider different viewpoints.
• Give them manageable responsibilities to help them make decisions, such as managing their allowance or free time.
• Be a role model by sharing your reasoning and explaining your choices openly.

Mistakes are part of the process. What matters most is that children feel supported as they learn and grow.

A few practical tips

With parental guidance and a few simple habits, preteens can strengthen their ability to think critically:

• Create a climate of trust where they feel safe to express their opinions.
• Discuss real-life situations, such as peer pressure or group decisions.
• Help them recognize the difference between positive and negative outside influences.
• Build self-confidence, since a confident child is less likely to be swayed by others.

Positive communication and gentle guidance are two key factors that help preteens develop sound critical thinking.

Happy discussions!

Text written in collaboration with Vie de Parents