Dyspareunia
Dyspareunia is the medical term used to describe pain experienced before, during or after sexual intercourse. It generally affects more women than men.
Symptoms
Pain may vary between individuals and according to its cause. It may be felt in the external genitalia (vulva, penis, testicles) or in the internal pelvic organs (vagina, uterus, rectum). It can also be felt in the lower abdomen or pelvic floor.
Dyspareunia may occur with each sexual intercourse or only under certain circumstances. It can appear in people who previously had an active and pain-free sex life.
Causes
There are many possible causes of dyspareunia. Here are some of the main ones:
- Trauma or injury caused by a medical procedure
- Injuries resulting from childbirth
- Infection or disease of the genital organs
- Health problem affecting internal organs (e.g., ovaries, bladder, intestines)
- Lack of lubrication (e.g., hormonal changes, lubricant choice)
- Skin reaction (e.g., to spermicide, vaginal douche or condoms)
- Abnormality in the shape of certain organs
Psychological factors can sometimes be associated with dyspareunia. Depression, anxiety, low self-esteem, low sexual desire and psychosexual trauma, for example, may lead to dyspareunia.
Treatment
To avoid complications from dyspareunia, it is best not to delay treatment. It may be due to a health issue that could worsen, not to mention the psychological and relational impact this condition can have.
Treatment varies based on the cause of dyspareunia. For example, it can involve extending foreplay or choosing a position that limits penetration. Other possible treatments include the following:
- Taking medication (e.g., for pain, hormones or infection)
- Choosing an appropriate vaginal lubricant
- Pelvic floor exercises
- Consulting a psychologist or sexologist
- Surgery